{ "cytology":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history of cells : cell biology":[], ": the cellular aspects of a phenomenon, process, or structure":[ "liver cytology" ], ": the microscopic examination of cells obtained from the body (as by aspiration or scraping) for diagnostic purposes : exfoliative cytology":[ "A Mayo study found that cytology is only 40 percent sensitive in detecting bladder cancer among people who have the disease.", "\u2014 Mayo Clinic Health Letter" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4-l\u0259-j\u0113", "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4l-\u0259-j\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "At Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Lauro Cavazos earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology in 1949 and a master\u2019s in zoological cytology , the study of cells, in 1951. \u2014 New York Times , 16 Mar. 2022", "Born in 1917, Ranadive earned a doctorate in cytology , the study of cells, while working at the Indian Cancer Research Center. \u2014 Brett Molina, USA TODAY , 8 Nov. 2021", "The World Health Organization suggests mass screening can currently be suggested for breast and cervical cancer, using mammography and cytology screening. \u2014 Ran Poliakine, Forbes , 17 May 2021", "In addition to her teaching duties, and despite not having the support of a research university, Yasui also embarked on her own research in plant cytology , the study of plant cells. \u2014 Leila Mcneill, Smithsonian , 21 Dec. 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1857, in the meaning defined at sense 1a":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220708-171442" }, "cytologic diagnosis":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": cytodiagnosis especially for the detection of cancer":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220708-172105" }, "cytotoxic T cell":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a T cell that usually bears CD8 molecular markers on its surface and that functions in cell-mediated immunity by destroying a cell (such as a virus-infected cell) having a specific antigenic molecule displayed on its surface":[ "Viruses use many tricks to persist in an immunocompetent host, one of them being mutation of the sequences (epitopes) recognized by the host's viral-specific cytotoxic T cells .", "\u2014 Rolf M. Zinkernagel and Hans Hengartner", "\u2026 cytotoxic T cells which recognize foreign determinants in association with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens.", "\u2014 Pauline Johnson et al." ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1975, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220708-211003" }, "cytolymph":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": hyaloplasm":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + lymph ; originally formed as German zytolymphe":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220708-214247" }, "cytosine":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a pyrimidine base C 4 H 5 N 3 O that codes genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of DNA or RNA \u2014 compare adenine , guanine , thymine , uracil":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02ccs\u0113n", "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccs\u0113n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "There are four bases in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). \u2014 Sandee Lamotte, CNN , 31 May 2022", "For the more recent experiments, cooler water and more sensitive study methods were used to extract and identify the nucleobases cytosine and thymine, while more sensitive study methods found the molecules, researchers say. \u2014 Mike Snider, USA TODAY , 28 Apr. 2022", "Trading down is as much a part of GM John Schneider\u2019s DNA as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. \u2014 Eddie Brown, San Diego Union-Tribune , 28 Apr. 2022", "All genes consists of base pairs made of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). \u2014 Manasee Wagh, Popular Mechanics , 1 Apr. 2022", "The low prevalence of uracil sequences is connotated by an enrichment for guanine and cytosine sequences. \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 28 Oct. 2021", "Called a tautomer, the drug assumes two forms, one which closely resembles uracil (U) and the other cytosine (C). \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 8 Oct. 2021", "Researchers have long been intrigued by the possibility that evolution could have gone in a different direction with DNA\u2019s four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 12 July 2021", "Each gene consists of some number of base pairs made of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). \u2014 Caroline Delbert, Popular Mechanics , 3 June 2021" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -ose + -ine entry 2":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1894, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220708-235943" }, "cytotoxin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a substance (such as a toxin or antibody) having a toxic effect on cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8t\u00e4k-s\u0259n", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8t\u00e4k-s\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "The venom from the recluse is a potent cytotoxin that can cause necrotic lesions that could take months to heal. \u2014 al , 28 June 2022", "Case in point: None of the athletes tested in his recent study experienced health problems, aside from unrelated GI stress, despite their elevated cytotoxin levels. \u2014 Amanda Macmillan, Outside Online , 17 June 2015", "The venom is a cytotoxin (cell-destroying) that produces massive tissue damage, and what is reported to be the most agonizing of any snakebite. \u2014 David E. Petzal, Field & Stream , 30 June 2020", "Venoms contain cytotoxins , cardiotoxins, hemotoxins and neurotoxins, components of which can be used in the treatment of cancer and many other medical conditions. \u2014 Malia Wollan, New York Times , 30 June 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1900, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-004552" }, "cytoplasm":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts) \u2014 see cell illustration":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccpla-z\u0259m", "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02ccplaz-\u0259m" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "This little bud of DNA is then fused to the healthy cytoplasm of the donor cell. \u2014 Stephen S. Hall, Wired , 11 Mar. 2021", "Unlike the main repository of nuclear DNA, the mitochondria are like hundreds of thousands of branch libraries of genetic information floating around in the cytoplasm of a human egg cell. \u2014 Stephen S. Hall, Wired , 11 Mar. 2021", "In the body, cells have DNA sensors called cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which recognize foreign DNA in the cytoplasm and trigger the production of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 26 Apr. 2022", "While S100s are generally found in neural cells, they are also found in the gut and in the cytoplasm of white blood cells called neutrophils. \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 9 Apr. 2022", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021", "But the cytoplasm is actually jammed with proteins, RNA, and other small molecules, all commingling at incredible speeds. \u2014 James Somers, The New Yorker , 28 Feb. 2022", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1857, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-031407" }, "cytotoxic t cell":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a T cell that usually bears CD8 molecular markers on its surface and that functions in cell-mediated immunity by destroying a cell (such as a virus-infected cell) having a specific antigenic molecule displayed on its surface":[ "Viruses use many tricks to persist in an immunocompetent host, one of them being mutation of the sequences (epitopes) recognized by the host's viral-specific cytotoxic T cells .", "\u2014 Rolf M. Zinkernagel and Hans Hengartner", "\u2026 cytotoxic T cells which recognize foreign determinants in association with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens.", "\u2014 Pauline Johnson et al." ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1975, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-033938" }, "cytophotometry":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": photometry applied to the study of the cell or its constituents":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-f\u014d-\u02c8t\u00e4-m\u0259-tr\u0113", "-(\u02cc)f\u014d-\u02c8t\u00e4m-\u0259-tr\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1952, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-035715" }, "cytoskeleton":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-\u02c8skel-\u0259t-\u1d4an", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8ske-l\u0259-t\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "There are other structures and mechanisms (the cytoskeleton , for instance, the extracellular matrix, bioelectricity, or even simple protein clumping) that could conceivably be tasked with encoding memories. \u2014 Jennifer Frazer, Scientific American , 28 May 2021", "The cytoskeleton consists of a vast network of different kinds of fibers - microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments - that are continuously extending and retracting. \u2014 Gabriel A. Silva, Forbes , 27 Apr. 2021", "The same year, biophysicist Michael Rosen of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and colleagues showed that three proteins that collaborate to organize part of the cytoskeleton form liquid droplets in a test tube solution. \u2014 Mitch Leslie, Science | AAAS , 21 Jan. 2021", "The therapy is designed to treat a form of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the RNA that codes for the protein that helps to connect muscle fibers\u2019 cytoskeletons to a surrounding matrix. \u2014 Jim Daley, Scientific American , 24 Dec. 2019", "Loki has a number of genes typically found in eukaryotes, including genes linked to the dynamic, shape-shifting cytoskeleton . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 29 Oct. 2015", "In the case of slime molds, their cytoskeleton may form smart, complex networks able to process sensory information. \u2014 Katia Moskvitch, WIRED , 14 July 2018", "That means making sure the cells have myosin and actin \u2014 two proteins that are key to forming the cellular cytoskeleton , and to building muscle filaments. \u2014 Noah Shachtman, WIRED , 25 Mar. 2009" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1936, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-040825" }, "cytosol":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02ccs\u00e4l, -\u02ccs\u022fl", "-\u02ccs\u022fl", "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccs\u00e4l" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Inside Thiolava is a high concentration of elemental sulfur dissolved in the cytosol -- the soup base of the cell. \u2014 Scientific American Blog Network , 21 Apr. 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1965, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-045106" }, "cytolytic T cell":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": cytotoxic T cell":[ "The MHC-peptide complexes move to the surface and become anchored in the cell membrane, ready to be scrutinized by cytolytic T cells .", "\u2014 Thierry Boon" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1975, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-054950" }, "Cytospora":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a form genus of parasitic imperfect fungi (family Phyllostictaceae) that produce their spores in pycnidial cavities within a stroma that is either subepidermal or subcortical in the host":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b\u02c8t\u00e4sp\u0259r\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + -spora":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-071214" }, "cytophore":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the residual mass of cytoplasm associated with each cluster of spermatozoa in certain invertebrates":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "French, from cyt- + -phore":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-080318" }, "cytoreticulum":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a relatively solid mesh or framework in which the hyaloplasm is suspended according to some theories of protoplasmic structure":[], ": a meshwork of cells and cell processes (as in connective tissues)":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + reticulum":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-085531" }, "cytoplasmic heredity":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{}, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1915, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-104522" }, "cytoplast":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the cytoplasmic content of a cell \u2014 compare protoplast":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + -plast":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1885, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-124439" }, "cytolysin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a substance (such as an antibody that lyses bacteria) producing cytolysis":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8l\u012b-s\u1d4an", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u1d4al-\u02c8\u012bs-\u1d4an" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Instead, the researchers identified a cell-destroying toxin called cytolysin produced by select strains of E. faecalis as the likely reason that some patients with alcoholic liver disease had severe symptoms. \u2014 Eva Frederick, Science | AAAS , 13 Nov. 2019" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1901, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-125410" }, "cytotrophoderm":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": cytotrophoblast":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + trophoderm":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-131432" }, "cytotropism":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the tendency of isolated cells and cell masses to move toward or away from one another":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b\u02c8t\u00e4\u2027tr\u0259\u02ccpiz\u0259m" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -tropism ; originally formed as German zytotropismus":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1895, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-144223" }, "Cytoleichus":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a genus (the type of the family Cytoleichidae) of parasitic mites including only the air-sac mite ( C. nudus )":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + -leichus (probably from Greek leichein to lick, lick up)":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-151755" }, "Cytosporina":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a form genus of imperfect fungi resembling and sometimes included in Cytospora but having longer spores":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "-\u02c8r\u0113n\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from Cytospora + -ina":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-170724" }, "cytochemistry":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": microscopic biochemistry":[], ": the chemistry of cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-\u02c8ke-m\u0259-str\u0113", "-\u02c8kem-\u0259-str\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1900, in the meaning defined at sense 2":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-182122" }, "cytophilic":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": having an affinity for cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8fi-lik", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8fil-ik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "circa 1909, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-183517" }, "cytopyge":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the point especially if permanently identifiable at which waste is discharged from the protozoan body":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + Greek pyg\u0113 rump; originally formed as German zytopyge":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1875, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-185812" }, "cytovirin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a compound that is produced by a bacterium of the genus Streptomyces ( S. olivochromogenes ) and that is active against some plant viruses (such as tobacco mosaic virus)":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt\u0259\u02c8v\u012b(\u0259)r\u0259\u0307n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + vir us + -in":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-194856" }, "Cyttaria":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a genus of ascomycetous fungi typifying the family Cyttariaceae and comprising the beech fungi that are parasitic on certain evergreen beeches of the southern hemisphere and that have apothecia sunken in the surface of stalked often brightly colored subspherical stromata which are gelatinous at maturity and used as food in southern South America":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u0259\u0307\u02c8ta(a)r\u0113\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from Greek kyttaros cell of a honeycomb + New Latin -ia ; from the pitted appearance of the fungi":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-201902" }, "cytoproct":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": cytopyge":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + Greek pr\u014dktos buttocks":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1885, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-210604" }, "cytophil":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": having affinity for cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -phil ; probably originally formed as German zytophil":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1902, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-213347" }, "Cyttariaceae":{ "type":[ "plural noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a family of ascomycetous fungi (order Helotiales) that form a pear-shaped stroma with numerous apothecial cavities \u2014 see cyttaria":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from Cyttaria , type genus + -aceae":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-220420" }, "cytoplasmic":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria or chloroplasts) \u2014 see cell illustration":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccpla-z\u0259m", "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02ccplaz-\u0259m" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "This little bud of DNA is then fused to the healthy cytoplasm of the donor cell. \u2014 Stephen S. Hall, Wired , 11 Mar. 2021", "Unlike the main repository of nuclear DNA, the mitochondria are like hundreds of thousands of branch libraries of genetic information floating around in the cytoplasm of a human egg cell. \u2014 Stephen S. Hall, Wired , 11 Mar. 2021", "In the body, cells have DNA sensors called cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which recognize foreign DNA in the cytoplasm and trigger the production of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 26 Apr. 2022", "While S100s are generally found in neural cells, they are also found in the gut and in the cytoplasm of white blood cells called neutrophils. \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 9 Apr. 2022", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021", "But the cytoplasm is actually jammed with proteins, RNA, and other small molecules, all commingling at incredible speeds. \u2014 James Somers, The New Yorker , 28 Feb. 2022", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021", "Studies indicate that inside the cells of a developing bird feather, the beta-keratin starts out distributed in the watery cytoplasm . \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 21 June 2021" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1857, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220709-222915" }, "cytol":{ "type":[ "abbreviation" ], "definitions":{ "cytological ; cytology":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-011422" }, "cytokinin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": any of various plant growth substances (such as kinetin) that are usually derivatives of adenine":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8k\u012b-n\u0259n", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8k\u012b-n\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "The other chemicals include vitamins, minerals (including the electrolytes sodium and potassium), and plant hormones like cytokinins (that may benefit the body in various ways). \u2014 Alexandra Hansen, Quartzy , 5 Nov. 2019" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + kinin":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1965, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-025415" }, "cytological":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history of cells : cell biology":[], ": the cellular aspects of a phenomenon, process, or structure":[ "liver cytology" ], ": the microscopic examination of cells obtained from the body (as by aspiration or scraping) for diagnostic purposes : exfoliative cytology":[ "A Mayo study found that cytology is only 40 percent sensitive in detecting bladder cancer among people who have the disease.", "\u2014 Mayo Clinic Health Letter" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4l-\u0259-j\u0113", "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4-l\u0259-j\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "At Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Lauro Cavazos earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology in 1949 and a master\u2019s in zoological cytology , the study of cells, in 1951. \u2014 New York Times , 16 Mar. 2022", "Born in 1917, Ranadive earned a doctorate in cytology , the study of cells, while working at the Indian Cancer Research Center. \u2014 Brett Molina, USA TODAY , 8 Nov. 2021", "The World Health Organization suggests mass screening can currently be suggested for breast and cervical cancer, using mammography and cytology screening. \u2014 Ran Poliakine, Forbes , 17 May 2021", "In addition to her teaching duties, and despite not having the support of a research university, Yasui also embarked on her own research in plant cytology , the study of plant cells. \u2014 Leila Mcneill, Smithsonian , 21 Dec. 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1857, in the meaning defined at sense 1a":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-055750" }, "cytolysis":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the usually pathologic dissolution or disintegration of cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4l-\u0259-s\u0259s", "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4-l\u0259-s\u0259s" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1896, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-064152" }, "cytolyzate":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the products resulting from cytolysis":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b\u02c8t\u00e4l\u0259\u0307\u02ccz\u0101t", "-z\u0259\u0307t" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cytolyze + -ate":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-092103" }, "cytochrome oxidase":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": an iron-porphyrin enzyme important in cellular respiration due to its ability to catalyze the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c in the presence of oxygen":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "The mitochondria needs a specific enzyme called cytochrome oxidase to make this possible. \u2014 Meg Neal, Popular Mechanics , 4 Oct. 2020", "In practice, this has meant focusing on the cytochrome oxidase I gene, which has been found to be dissimilar-enough across fish species that it can be used to distinguish one species from another. \u2014 Chase Purdy, Quartz , 5 Nov. 2019" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1942, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-093242" }, "Cytherea":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": aphrodite":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccsi-th\u0259-\u02c8r\u0113-\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "Latin, from Greek Kythereia , from Kyth\u0113ra Cythera, island associated with Aphrodite":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "15th century, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-103538" }, "cytotoxic":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun", "noun," ], "definitions":{ ": of or relating to a cytotoxin":[], ": toxic to cells":[ "cytotoxic drugs" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8t\u00e4k-sik", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8t\u00e4k-sik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Then Allison and his colleagues discovered that a molecule called cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) acts as a checkpoint, or built-in brake, on T cells. \u2014 Quanta Magazine , 3 Feb. 2020" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1902, in the meaning defined at sense 2":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-104237" }, "cytokinesis":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the cytoplasmic changes accompanying mitosis":[], ": cleavage of the cytoplasm into daughter cells following nuclear division":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "-k\u012b-", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-k\u0259-\u02c8n\u0113-s\u0259s", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-k\u0259-\u02c8n\u0113-s\u0259s, -k\u012b-" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Explore photosynthesis, osmosis, nitrogen fixation, and other life processes \u2022 Investigate the cell cycle (mitosis and cytokinesis ) \u2022 \u2014 Bruce Sterling, WIRED , 28 Apr. 2012" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1898, in the meaning defined at sense 1":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-104718" }, "cytophaga":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a genus of long flexuous pointed bacteria (order Myxobacterales) showing creeping motility, forming neither fruiting bodies nor microcysts, and being saprophytes of soil and water that vigorously hydrolyze cellulose and aid in the breakdown of plant remains":[], ": any bacterium of the genus Cytophaga":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b\u02c8t\u00e4f\u0259g\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + -phaga":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-105235" }, "cyt-":{ "type":[ "combining form" ], "definitions":{ ": cell":[ "cyto logy" ], ": cytoplasm":[ "cyto kinesis" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "German zyt-, zyto- , from Greek kytos hollow vessel \u2014 more at hide":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220715-084224" }, "cytotechnologist":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a medical technician trained in the identification of cells and cellular abnormalities (as in cancer)":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-tek-\u02c8n\u00e4-l\u0259-jist", "-\u02c8n\u00e4l-\u0259-j\u0259st" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1958, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-113744" }, "cytokine storm":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the uncontrolled, sometimes life-threatening, excessive release of cytokines (such as chemokines, interferons, or interleukins) in the body from an aggressive, pro-inflammatory immune response resulting from overreaction of the immune system (as to an infectious disease or immunotherapy)":[ "Cytokines are messengers that normally help the body's immune system. But in a cytokine storm far too many are released, and they wind up killing both healthy and diseased cells.", "\u2014 Mark Johnson", "\u2026 a cytokine storm is an SOS signal that causes the immune system to launch its entire arsenal of weapons all at once. This last-ditch, kamikaze attack hurts the virus. But it leaves behind tons of collateral damage. Blood vessels take the brunt of it.", "\u2014 Michaeleen Doucleff" ], "\u2014 see also cytokine storm syndrome":[ "Cytokines are messengers that normally help the body's immune system. But in a cytokine storm far too many are released, and they wind up killing both healthy and diseased cells.", "\u2014 Mark Johnson", "\u2026 a cytokine storm is an SOS signal that causes the immune system to launch its entire arsenal of weapons all at once. This last-ditch, kamikaze attack hurts the virus. But it leaves behind tons of collateral damage. Blood vessels take the brunt of it.", "\u2014 Michaeleen Doucleff" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1992, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-115127" }, "Cytherean":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": of or relating to the planet Venus":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccsi-th\u0259-\u02c8r\u0113-\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1885, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-132301" }, "cytokine":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (such as interleukin or interferon) that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system":[ "Most cytokines are produced primarily in the presence of disease or immunization and contribute to immune responses, inflammation, and endothelial cell activation; others are involved in tissue repair.", "\u2014 Charles A. Dinarello et al.", "The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-2 determines the magnitude and duration of the T-cell response immediately after antigen encounter and assists in the maturation of macrophages and the proliferation of B cells and natural killer cells \u2026", "\u2014 Chiea C. Khor et al." ] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02cck\u012bn", "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02cck\u012bn" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "These factors were theorized to reduce the immune impacts following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including cytokine storms, hyperinflation, and coagulation. \u2014 William A. Haseltine, Forbes , 19 May 2022", "This may sound a little familiar from all the recent discussion of cytokine storms in COVID-19. \u2014 Alex Hutchinson, Outside Online , 28 May 2020", "Other patients suffer cytokine release syndrome, where chemicals released by the immune system lead can cause extremely high fevers, nausea, muscle and joint pain and even organ damage. \u2014 Karen Weintraub, USA TODAY , 2 Feb. 2022", "Another side effect is cytokine release syndrome, which gives people a severe flu-like syndrome, with very high fevers, nausea, vomiting, and muscle and joint pain. \u2014 Jacqueline Howard And Carma Hassan, CNN , 2 Feb. 2022", "The lethal version detects cells that have been infected with a virus, then kills them (by releasing a toxic version of a granule called a cytokine ) to stop the virus from replicating. \u2014 Los Angeles Times , 19 Jan. 2022", "Several targeted therapies focus on a particularly powerful cytokine called tumor necrosis factor, or TNF. \u2014 Marla Broadfoot, Scientific American , 1 Sep. 2021", "Each works by preventing a particular cytokine from causing inflammation. \u2014 Stephanie Watso, SELF , 27 Aug. 2021", "For now, the cytokine sensing part of the device needs to be replaced daily. \u2014 Dallas News , 16 July 2021" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + -kine (as in lymphokine )":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1974, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-164947" }, "cytochimera":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": an individual (such as a plant, an organ, or a tissue) having cells of varied genetic constitution and especially of various ploidy levels":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u00a6s\u012bt\u014d+" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + chimera":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-194035" }, "cytokine storm syndrome":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a sometimes life-threatening, systemic inflammatory condition that results from an aggressive immune response involving over-activation of immune cells (such as T cells in response to immunotherapy or infection) which release excessive cytokines in the body in an uncontrolled fashion and that is characterized especially by fever, fatigue, headache, rash, or muscle or joint pain and may progress to more serious symptoms including hypotension, increased heart rate, capillary leakage, edema, hypoxia, multiple organ failure, and sometimes death : the syndrome resulting from a cytokine storm : cytokine release syndrome":[ "Researchers in the UK have warned that a significant number of patients with severe Covid-19 infections may have so-called cytokine storm syndrome , in which their immune system triggers severe inflammation.", "\u2014 Robert Matthews", "Influenza is also associated with a cytokine storm syndrome in adolescents and young adults.", "\u2014 Stephen I. Pelton", "\u2014 abbreviation CSS" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "2008, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-215956" }, "cytochalasin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": any of a group of metabolites isolated from fungi (especially Helminthosporium dematioideum ) that inhibit various cell processes":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-k\u0259-\u02c8l\u0101-s\u0259n", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-k\u0259-\u02c8l\u0101-s\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + Greek chalasis slackening + English -in entry 1":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1966, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-222719" }, "cytopathology":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of pathology that deals with manifestations of disease at the cellular level":[], ": cytology sense 2":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "-pa-", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-p\u0259-\u02c8th\u00e4-l\u0259-j\u0113", "-p\u0259-\u02c8th\u00e4l-\u0259-j\u0113, -pa-" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "The Pap Corps derives its name from Dr. George Papanicolaou, a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection who developed the Pap test, which looks for cancers and precancers in the cervix. \u2014 Rick Menning, sun-sentinel.com , 30 Oct. 2020" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1898, in the meaning defined at sense 1":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220710-222821" }, "cytolyze":{ "type":[ "transitive verb" ], "definitions":{ ": to cause to undergo cytolysis":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012bt\u1d4al\u02cc\u012bz" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "from New Latin cytolysis , after such pairs as Medieval Latin analysis: English analyze":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-023514" }, "cytopathogenic":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun", "noun," ], "definitions":{ ": causing or involving pathological changes in cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccpa-th\u0259-\u02c8je-nik", "-\u02ccpath-\u0259-\u02c8jen-ik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1950, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-043658" }, "Cytherella":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a genus of crustaceans (subclass Ostracoda) with biramous second antennae used for swimming":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccsith\u0259\u02c8rel\u0259" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, diminutive of Latin Cytherea , epithet of Venus":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-052648" }, "cytokine release syndrome":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a sometimes life-threatening, systemic inflammatory condition that results from an aggressive immune response involving over-activation of immune cells (such as T cells in response to immunotherapy or infection) which release excessive cytokines in the body in an uncontrolled fashion and that is characterized especially by fever, fatigue, headache, rash, or muscle or joint pain and may progress to more serious symptoms including hypotension, increased heart rate, capillary leakage, edema, hypoxia, multiple organ failure, and sometimes death : the syndrome resulting from a cytokine storm : cytokine storm syndrome":[ "Patients taking part in the trial have virus-induced cytokine release syndrome , an inflammatory illness that can cause organ failure.", "\u2014 Kate Andrews", "\u2026 but the engineered cell therapies can cause a dangerous immune reaction called cytokine release syndrome \u2026", "\u2014 Arlene Weintraub", "\u2014 abbreviation CRS" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1991, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-053842" }, "cytochrome c":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the most abundant and stable of the cytochromes":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1940, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-074113" }, "cytopathic":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": of, relating to, characterized by, or producing pathological changes in cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8path-ik", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8pa-thik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1915, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-082812" }, "cytomegalovirus":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a herpesvirus (species Human herpesvirus 5 of the genus Cytomegalovirus ) that in healthy individuals causes an infection that is asymptomatic or is accompanied by mild symptoms (such as fever or fatigue) but in immunocompromised individuals and newborns may cause an infection marked by serious, sometimes life-threatening symptoms (such as pneumonia, hepatitis, retinitis, brain inflammation, or seizures)":[], ": infection with or disease caused by the cytomegalovirus":[ "\u2014 abbreviation CMV" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02ccme-g\u0259-l\u014d-\u02c8v\u012b-r\u0259s", "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02ccmeg-\u0259-l\u014d-\u02c8v\u012b-r\u0259s" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Moderna also has a cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine about to enter phase 3 trials that has six mRNAs, and has preclinical data on another comprising 10 mRNAs. \u2014 Laura Defrancesco, Scientific American , 6 Jan. 2022", "For example, some small studies during the pandemic offered hints that severe COVID-19 is associated with a quickening of latent cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus. \u2014 Roxanne Khamsi, The Atlantic , 17 Nov. 2021", "As of right now, there are no medications that can prevent a cytomegalovirus infection. \u2014 Maggie O'neill, Health.com , 20 Oct. 2021", "Moderna\u2019s only current product is its Covid-19 vaccine, but the company is developing other vaccines against Zika, influenza, cytomegalovirus and other pathogens that could be made at the plant and meet demand in Africa. \u2014 Peter Loftus, WSJ , 7 Oct. 2021", "The technology has been studied and tested for decades, including in the development of vaccines for flu, Zika, rabies and cytomegalovirus . \u2014 Kristen Jordan Shamus, Detroit Free Press , 19 Sep. 2021", "The lawsuit says Monroe-Lynch was inseminated with sperm from a donor who was a carrier for cytomegalovirus , or CMV, a herpes virus that causes severe birth defects or fetal death if contracted during pregnancy. \u2014 Stephen Singer, courant.com , 29 June 2021", "Unlike human cytomegalovirus , the coronavirus doesn\u2019t seem capable of hiding inside our bodies in the same way for decades. \u2014 Sarah Zhang, The Atlantic , 7 Apr. 2021", "In work that has not yet been published, Zhu\u2019s team loaded up the cytomegalovirus with anti-aging gene targets, including telomerase. \u2014 Megan Molteni, STAT , 3 May 2021" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cytomegalia + -o- + virus":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1960, in the meaning defined at sense 1":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-094124" }, "cytome":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the formed inclusions of the cytoplasm : chondriome together with ergastic substances":[], ": chondriome":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b\u02cct\u014dm" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -ome ; originally formed in French":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-112126" }, "cytocentrum":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": central apparatus":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + Latin centrum center":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-141601" }, "cytochondria":{ "type":[ "plural noun" ], "definitions":{ ": formed bodies in the cytoplasm of a cell \u2014 compare mitochondrion":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + chondr- + -ia":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-143605" }, "cytotaxonomy":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": study of the relationships and classification of organisms using both classical systematic techniques and comparative studies of chromosomes":[], ": the nuclear cytologic makeup of a kind of organism":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-(\u02cc)tak-\u02c8s\u00e4n-\u0259-m\u0113", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-(\u02cc)tak-\u02c8s\u00e4-n\u0259-m\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1930, in the meaning defined at sense 1":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-153912" }, "cytomembrane":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{}, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-\u02c8mem-\u02ccbr\u0101n", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-\u02c8mem-\u02ccbr\u0101n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1956, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-155041" }, "cytohistology":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the integrated study of cells and tissues":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + histology":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-163824" }, "cytoblastema":{ "type":[ "adjective", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the formative material from which cells formerly were thought to arise":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + blastema":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1840, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-164317" }, "cytomere":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": one of the cells resulting from the division of the schizont in certain coccidia":[], ": the cytoplasmic component of a spermatozoon":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012bt\u0259\u02ccmi(\u0259)r" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -mere ; originally formed as German zytomer":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-165911" }, "cytologic":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history of cells : cell biology":[], ": the cellular aspects of a phenomenon, process, or structure":[ "liver cytology" ], ": the microscopic examination of cells obtained from the body (as by aspiration or scraping) for diagnostic purposes : exfoliative cytology":[ "A Mayo study found that cytology is only 40 percent sensitive in detecting bladder cancer among people who have the disease.", "\u2014 Mayo Clinic Health Letter" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4-l\u0259-j\u0113", "s\u012b-\u02c8t\u00e4l-\u0259-j\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "At Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Lauro Cavazos earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology in 1949 and a master\u2019s in zoological cytology , the study of cells, in 1951. \u2014 New York Times , 16 Mar. 2022", "Born in 1917, Ranadive earned a doctorate in cytology , the study of cells, while working at the Indian Cancer Research Center. \u2014 Brett Molina, USA TODAY , 8 Nov. 2021", "The World Health Organization suggests mass screening can currently be suggested for breast and cervical cancer, using mammography and cytology screening. \u2014 Ran Poliakine, Forbes , 17 May 2021", "In addition to her teaching duties, and despite not having the support of a research university, Yasui also embarked on her own research in plant cytology , the study of plant cells. \u2014 Leila Mcneill, Smithsonian , 21 Dec. 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1857, in the meaning defined at sense 1a":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-183639" }, "cytisus":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a large genus of stiff or spiny shrubs (family Leguminosae) native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia and having showy racemose flowers with a 2-lipped calyx \u2014 see broom sense 1":[], ": a plant of the genus Cytisus":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "-z\u0259s", "-s\u0259s" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from Latin, a shrub ( Medicago arborea ), from Greek kytisos":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-203858" }, "cytotaxonomist":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": one specializing in cytotaxonomy":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1937, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220711-211748" }, "cytomicrosome":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a cytoplasmic microsome : mitochrondrion":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + microsome ; originally formed as German zytomikrosom":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-001613" }, "cytohistological":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": of, relating to, or by the methods of cytohistology":[ "cytohistological zonation", "cytohistological diagnosis" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-002007" }, "cytidine":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a nucleoside containing cytosine":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8si-t\u0259-\u02ccd\u0113n", "\u02c8s\u012b-", "\u02c8sit-\u0259-\u02ccd\u0113n", "\u02c8s\u012bt-" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "Early work showed molnupiravir inserts itself into RNA in place of the nucleoside cytidine , prompting errors in the copying process and causing a lethal buildup of mutations in the virus. \u2014 Robert F. Service, Science | AAAS , 11 Mar. 2021", "Creating this second base editor was harder than the first because an equivalent to the cytidine deaminase used by Dr Liu, which would be needed to pull it off, does not exist in nature. \u2014 The Economist , 26 Oct. 2017" ], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt osine + -idine":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1911, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-003348" }, "cytostatic":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": tending to retard cellular activity and multiplication":[ "cytostatic treatment of tumor cells" ] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u0259-\u02c8stat-ik", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u0259-\u02c8sta-tik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1949, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-010446" }, "cytoglobin":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a nucleoprotein obtainable from many cells and glandular organs":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + globin ; originally formed as German zytoglobin":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-052946" }, "cytogeography":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of biogeography dealing with the distribution of gene complexes among related populations":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + geography":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-062538" }, "cytomegalic":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": characterized by or causing the formation of enlarged cells":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012bt-\u014d-mi-\u02c8gal-ik", "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-mi-\u02c8ga-lik" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin cytomegalia condition of having enlarged cells, from cyt- + megal- + -ia":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1950, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-063127" }, "cytochrome":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": any of several intracellular hemoprotein respiratory pigments that are enzymes functioning in electron transport as carriers of electrons":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u0259-\u02cckr\u014dm", "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u0259-\u02cckr\u014dm" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[ "Recent Examples on the Web", "In addition to producing cytochrome P450 enzymes, the liver is one of the major organs that create special proteins called cytokines and interferons that participate in the immune response. \u2014 C. Michael White, The Conversation , 4 Oct. 2021", "Inflammation from a new infection or chronic inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis could also impair how well enzymes like cytochrome P450 can metabolize drugs. \u2014 C. Michael White, The Conversation , 4 Oct. 2021", "These images showed the component parts of cytochrome b6f down to the level of individual molecules. \u2014 Emily Willingham, Scientific American , 13 Nov. 2019", "Individual cytochromes are important for moving electrons around inside cells. \u2014 New York Times , 1 July 2019", "This is how researchers can look at the koala genome and see how the species is genetically supercharged to digest a plant that\u2019s poisonous to other mammals, namely the cytochrome P450 gene family. \u2014 Matt Simon, WIRED , 2 July 2018", "Arnold and her colleagues have been working with the bacterial version of cytochrome P450 for ten years, trying to convince it to perform new tricks. \u2014 Jeffrey Marlow, WIRED , 8 Jan. 2013" ], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1925, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-064349" }, "cytogenetics":{ "type":[ "adjective", "adverb", "noun", "noun, plural in form but singular or plural in construction" ], "definitions":{ ": a branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variation by the methods of both cytology and genetics":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02ccs\u012b-t\u014d-j\u0259-\u02c8ne-tiks", "-j\u0259-\u02c8net-iks" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1930, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-073252" }, "Cytinus":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a genus of reddish or yellow fleshy root parasitic herbs (family Rafflesiaceae) comprising one African and three European species that grow on the roots of plants of the genus Cistus":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8sit\u1d4an\u0259s" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from Greek kytinos flower of the pomegranate, from kytos hollow vessel, skin + -inos -ine":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-085753" }, "cytostomal":{ "type":[ "adjective" ], "definitions":{ ": of or relating to a cytostome":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "(\u02c8)s\u012b\u00a6t\u00e4st\u0259m\u0259l" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1921, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-104350" }, "cytogamy":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": cell fusion : conjugation sense 4":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "s\u012b\u02c8t\u00e4g\u0259m\u0113" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + -gamy":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-112055" }, "cytochylema":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": hyaloplasm":[] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "New Latin, from cyt- + -chylema (as in enchylema )":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-121448" }, "cytode":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": an anucleate mass of protoplasm":[], ": an organism normally assuming the form of a cytode (as a bacterium)":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012b\u02cct\u014dd" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "International Scientific Vocabulary cyt- + -ode (from Greek -\u014dd\u0113s like); originally formed as German zytode":"" }, "first_known_use":{ "1869, in the meaning defined at sense 1":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-155204" }, "cytodifferentiation":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": the development of specialized cells (such as muscle, blood, or nerve cells) from undifferentiated precursors":[] }, "pronounciation":[ "\u02c8s\u012bt-\u014d-\u02ccdif-\u0259-\u02ccren-ch\u0113-\u02c8\u0101-sh\u0259n", "\u02c8s\u012b-t\u014d-\u02ccdi-f\u0259-\u02ccren(t)-sh\u0113-\u02c8\u0101-sh\u0259n" ], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{}, "first_known_use":{ "1908, in the meaning defined above":"" }, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-174350" }, "cytodendrite":{ "type":[ "noun" ], "definitions":{ ": a dendrite given off from the body of a nerve cell":[ "\u2014 distinguished from axodendrite" ] }, "pronounciation":[], "synonyms":[], "antonyms":[], "synonym_discussion":"", "examples":[], "history_and_etymology":{ "cyt- + dendrite":"" }, "first_known_use":{}, "time_of_retrieval":"20220712-180143" } }